![]() ![]() eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.To achieve and maintain moderate levels, experts recommend: While researchers continue to investigate this field, experts still recommend focusing on managing the known risks for cardiovascular disease, including reducing LDL levels.įor most people, current guidelines recommend maximizing HDL levels, preferably through lifestyle measures. ![]() The authors proposed that optimal levels could be 73 mg/dL in males and 93 mg/dL in females. In one of two large studies reviewed, people with “extreme” high or low HDL levels had a higher risk of death than those who had more moderate levels. ![]() Meanwhile, a 2017 review suggests that the balance of HDL and LDL may play a role. Some participants with these high levels had this rare genetic feature. The authors note that, in one study, some participants had levels of HDL greater than 95 mg/dL, which is unusual. The change affects the way HDL works in the body, and it can lead to high levels of HDL and an increased risk of heart disease. The authors of a 2019 review note that the protective features of HDL depend not only on how much HDL is present but also on the way it behaves in the body.Ī 2018 study with the same lead author suggested that functionality - how HDL works - could be even more significant than circulating HDL levels.Ī 2016 research article discusses a rare genetic change that may cause exceptionally high HDL levels. Some experts believe that, in certain conditions, HDL particles may take on inflammatory properties rather than protecting a person from inflammation. The liver produces C-reactive protein when inflammation occurs in the body. In 2010, some researchers found that people who had recently had a heart attack with high levels of both HDL and a substance called C-reactive protein were at higher risk of having another cardiac event. However, it is still unclear whether this happens and, if so, who it affects and why. Some scientists now believe that genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors may affect the way HDL accumulates in the body and how it behaves, and that some of these effects could be harmful to some people. Some experts are now talking about a U-shaped relationship, in which both very low and very high HDL levels may be harmful. However, new evidence is appearing that may challenge this. Previous research suggests the higher the HDL levels, the more protection a person has from heart disease. Total cholesterol should be below 200 mg/dL, and LDL levels should be less than 100 mg/dL. It is the only measure in the cholesterol test that has a lower rather than an upper limit. The CDC recommends aiming for HDL levels of 60 mg/dL or above. ![]()
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